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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling which is used to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is same as a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a significant difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most common kind of torque converter utilized in car transmissions is the fluid coupling unit. In the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs utilized for continuously changeable transmissions which could multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is a kind which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an component called a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics during occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are at least of three rotating components: the turbine, to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whatever situation and this is where the word stator starts from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been alterations which have been incorporated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of various turbines and stators. Every set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various instances include the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter in order to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
While it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters comprise a lock-up clutch to lessen heat and to be able to improve cruising power transmission efficiency. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.